逻辑连接词的分类及作用
大多数考生对阅读文章的分析往往集中在句内分析上,即详细分析个别单词和短语的用法以及句子的成分,却忽视了句子间、段落间的分析以及对篇章结构的分析,未能从语篇层面上去理解文章。事实上,文章的语篇结构可以通过一些逻辑连接词体现出来,掌握这些逻辑连接词对于理解整篇文章的发展脉络十分有帮助。
作为一种语篇衔接手段,逻辑连接词说明语篇前后如何系统地连接,并对阅读策略有一定的影响。逻辑连接词通常与文章的体裁密切相关,对于托福阅读文章而言,其结构类型分为四类:分类、比较、因果、问题与解决方法,在这几类结构的文章中,常常会有明显的逻辑连接词,这些连接词把文章有条理地衔接起来。
从形式上来看,逻辑连接词可以由单词、短语和分句来充当;从分类上来看,逻辑连接词一般可以分为:并列、递进关系(如moreover,in addition等),因果关系(如because,so等),转折关系(如but,however等),时间关系(before,after等),让步关系(如although,in spite of等)等等。
这里是一些常见的逻辑关系以及其标志词:
并列递进
again, also, and, besides, finally, further, last, moreover, equally important, furthermore, in addition, likewise
原因结果
accordingly, as a result, because, then, hence, in short, consequently, thus, therefore
对比
after all, although, conversely, at the same time, however, but, for all that, still, in spite of, yet, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, notwithstanding
进一步说明
as a matter of fact, clearly, evidently, in fact, too, obviously, in other words, of course
逻辑衔接词因果
Since/As/Because/For+句子
For this reason
For one reason or another
For one thing
Accordingly
Consequently
As aconsequence
On this/that account
逻辑衔接词对比
In contrast
On the other hand
By/Incomparison/contrast
Compared with/to
Similarly
Likewise
Identically
Conversely
In contrast to this
逻辑衔接词递进
Furthermore
Besides
Moreover
Additionally
Further
In addition to sth
In addition
What's more
为什么要使用逻辑衔接词?
第一,从写作的角度来看,这些词可以提醒我们养成刻意写作的习惯。当我在句子开始写下this is because,我会更有可能思考前一句的原因。
第二,从阅读的角度来看,这些词可以创造更流畅的阅读体验。他们就像是高速公路上的指示牌和导游手中的小红旗。
第三,从评分标准来看,更加符合progression的要求。
我们来看一个例子。
首先我们来读段落1:
然后我们来读段落2:
最后我们来比较一下这两段的阅读体验。我相信大家都能够看出来,段落2的阅读体验是更加丝滑的。尽管这两段的内容除了衔接词之外一模一样。
怎么使用逻辑衔接词
内部逻辑和逻辑衔接词不是一个鸡和蛋的问题。我们必须先心中有逻辑,然后才笔下有逻辑衔接词。在独立写作主体段展开中三种常用的逻辑是:
1. 原因
2. 进一步解释
3.对比
所以我们要先熟练掌握这几种展开方法(依旧参考文章
您的托福独立写作逻辑不足,请充值)然后再结合衔接词一起使用。
题目:
Some people like to travel with a companion. Other people prefer to travel alone. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.
立场:
I prefer to travel with a companion.
分观点:
First of all, going on a trip with a companion is more economical than vacationing alone.
原因逻辑:
This is because we can share all kinds of fees generated during the trip.
细节逻辑:
Specifically,travelling with others gives us better access to package deals on tours, entrance fees and other activities.
对比逻辑:
By contrast,while travelling alone, we have to spend on unnecessary products such as a double room.