托福阅读文章的一大特点就是长难句式很多，这些句子不仅冗长无比而且结构复杂多变，对于考生理解文章是很大的挑战。因此攻克长难句成为了大家征服阅读高分的首要目标。下面朗阁讲师就来实例解析一些长难句中的倒装句式，帮助大家提升对长难句的理解。
1. 主语较长需平衡或强调句子
主语较长，为使句子平衡或强调，倒装表语或状语。
这种倒装句通常是介词短语、形容词(短语)和分词(短语)位于句首。
如： By his sides is his wife who is very elegant and beautiful.(在他旁边是他美丽优雅的妻子)
Green are the clouds in the sky and faded are leaves on the ground.(碧云天，黄叶地)
Sitting in the class are students who come from all across the China.(坐在教室里的学生来自中国各地)
真题例句：Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.(OG The Origins of Cetaceans)
解析：该句的主语是“fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.”其中“intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans”(哺乳动物和海洋鲸鱼之间过渡性)是“fossils”的定语。由于该句主语过长，为了使句子平衡，把表语“Missing until recently”置于句首引起倒装句。该句变成正常语序为：“Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently.”意思为“哺乳动物和海洋鲸鱼之间过渡性的化石现在找到了。”
2. “only+状语”位于句首
当“only+状语”位于句首时表强调使用倒装。
真题例句：Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites…(TPO5-1 Minerals and Plants)
解析：该句是only+recently(时间状语)位于句首引起的倒装，因此该句变成正常语序为：“Investigators have only recently considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites…”,意思为：研究人员最近才考虑使用这些植物清理土壤和垃圾场。
3. 否定意义形式词或词组位于句首
never等具有否定意义或否定形式的词或词组位于句首时用倒装。
常见词或词组有： not, never, rarely, little, hardly, seldom, on no account, by no means, neither, nor … 因此，对于倒装句“…not until the second of December did they kill their first elk.”来说，步先把句子变成正常语序，即把not的位置还原，第二步再理解句子。那么这个句子就变成“…they did not kill their first elk until the second of December。” “not…until”表示“直到……才”，因此句子意思为：他们直到第二年的十二月才杀死了批麋鹿。
4. 虚拟条件句谓语含were, had, 或should
如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分含有were, had, 或should, 可以把他们放到句首,省略连词if,变成倒装句。
真题例句：Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.(TPO10-1 Chinese Pottery 11题)
解析：该句是把条件从句放在了句子后面，if还原之后变成：“Their significance may have remained clear if the Chinese had not come under foreign influence.”由“had not come” 的使用可知该句是对过去的虚拟，意思为：如果中国没有受到外国的影响，它们的重要性可能保持清晰。”
5. “so/such…that”结构中的so或such位于句首
为加强语气“so/such…that”结构中的so或such位于句首时用倒装。
真题例句：“So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture.(TPO10-1 Chinese Pottery)
解析：该句是“so…that”结构中的so位于句首引起的倒装，因此该句变成正常语序为：“These pieces were so admired that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture.”意思为：这些艺术品受到极高的赞赏，于是他们鼓励制陶来仿制瓷器，并激励人们研究制作方法。
